| 何明莉,刘志.不同栽培模式苹果园土壤理化性质变化特征[J].中国南方果树,2026,55(3): |
| 不同栽培模式苹果园土壤理化性质变化特征 |
| Characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties changes in apple orchards under different cultivation models |
| 投稿时间：2025-08-04 修订日期：2025-08-29 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 苹果园 栽培模式 生草 土壤理化性质 |
| 英文关键词:Apple orchard Cultivation mode Grass management Physical and chemical properties of soil |
| 基金项目:国家产业体系熊岳综合试验站项目（CARS-28）；国家现代苹果产业技术体系（CARS-27）；辽宁省重点研发项目（2020JH2/10200019）；国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目（CARS-28）。 |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为了优化土壤结构，改善土壤养分供应能力，2016—2021年，在辽宁省果树科学研究所苹果试验区，设置矮砧密植（高纺锤形，株行距1m×4m，冠径1.5m×1.2m）苹果园自然生草区，乔砧密植（自由纺锤形，株行距3m×4m，冠径3.5m×3m）苹果园自然生草区，以乔砧稀植（纺锤形，株行距3.5m×4m，冠径3.5m×3.5m）苹果园清耕处理为对照，研究自然生草、自然生草+施用有机肥、清耕、清耕+施用有机肥不同栽培模式苹果园土壤理化性质变化特征。在自然生草6年后对苹果园土壤的理化性质指标进行了测定。结果表明，行间生草能有效降低苹果园土壤温度1～2℃，为害虫天敌提供了栖息和繁殖的场所，可减少农药的使用量，是一种有效的生物防治方法。自然生草及自然生草+有机肥处理，能降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度，均有效提高土壤中氮、磷、钾、钙、硼、锌的含量，降低锰的含量，对镁、铁、有机质含量影响不显著。但自然生草矮砧密植的土壤孔隙度、pH值、钾（0～40cm）、镁、硼、锌（0～40cm）、锰（0～20cm）、有机质高于乔砧密植苹果园的，略有差异，与乔砧树高、树冠大遮光导致草的营养低、在土壤中养分释放低有关。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| In order to optimize soil structure and improve the soil's nutrient supply capacity, from 2016 to 2021, dense planting with dwarfing rootstock (high spindle shape, Plant spacing 1m×4m, crown diameter of 1.5m×1.2m) apple orchard natural grass area, dense planting with tall rootstock (free spindle shape, Plant spacing 3m ×4m, crown diameter of 3.5m×3m) apple orchard natural grass area, and sparse planting with tall rootstock (spindle shape, Plant spacing 3.5m×4m, crown diameter of 3.5m×3.5m) apple orchard clear tillage treatment were set up in the apple experimental area of Liaoning Institute of Pomology. To study the variation characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties in apple orchards under different cultivation modes such as natural grass growth, natural grass growth + application of organic fertilizer, clear tillage, and clear tillage + application of organic fertilizer. The physicochemical property indicators of the apple orchard soil were determined six years after natural grass growth. The results show that grass growing between rows can effectively reduce the soil temperature in apple orchards by 1 to 2 degrees Celsius, providing a habitat and breeding ground for natural enemies of pests and reducing the use of pesticides. It is an effective biological control method. Natural grass growth and the treatment of natural grass growth combined with organic fertilizer can reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity, effectively raising the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, boron and zinc in the soil and reducing the content of manganese, while having no significant effect on the contents of magnesium, iron and organic matter. However, the soil porosity, pH value, potassium (0-40cm), magnesium, boron, zinc (0-40cm), manganese (0-20cm), and organic matter in the natural grass-growing dwarf rootstock apple orchard are slightly higher than those in the tree rootstock apple orchard. This is related to the fact that the tree rootstock trees are tall and have large canopies that block light, resulting in lower nutrient content of the grass and lower nutrient release in the soil. |
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