| 饶怡璇.果园土壤重金属污染现状与防治[J].中国南方果树,2025,54(3): |
| 果园土壤重金属污染现状与防治 |
| Current Status and Prevention of Heavy Metal Pollution in Orchard Soils |
| 投稿时间：2025-03-21 修订日期：2025-04-17 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 果园 土壤 重金属 环境风险 污染修复技术 |
| 英文关键词:Orchard Soil Heavy metals Environmental risks Contamination remediation technologies |
| 基金项目: |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 果园生态系统重金属污染因其隐蔽性、生物累积性及潜在健康风险，已成为全球农业环境领域亟待解决的关键科学问题。本文系统综述近年来国内外相关文献，揭示果园土壤重金属污染现状，分析了污染物的主要来源，对生态环境和人体带来的影响以及污染治理方法。生态环境部和国土资源部2014年发布的《全国土壤污染调查公报》显示82.4%的污染由金属及类金属引发，其中果园生态系统因封闭性物质循环与高强度农资投入成为重金属富集高风险区，含重金属的灌溉水、化肥、农药和粪肥的长期施用是造成果园土壤中重金属污染的主要原因。重金属通过破坏土壤结构和呼吸作用、抑制微生物活性及破坏植物生理过程产生多重危害，并且会在可食部分累积对人体健康产生威胁。当前重金属污染治理技术以源头管控（精准施肥、有机替代等）与末端修复（钝化、植物提取等）为主，然而，现有技术仍面临修复成本高、周期长及二次污染风险等技术瓶颈。未来研究应聚焦多学科交叉机制解析，建立基于生物有效性的动态评价标准。推行“修复-生产”协同模式，强化果园特异性污染监测网络与标准化防控体系建设，将成为保障农产品安全与农业可持续发展的关键路径。本综述为果园土壤安全利用与风险管理提供理论依据和技术参考。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Heavy metal contamination in orchard ecosystems has emerged as a critical scientific challenge in global agricultural environments due to its concealed nature, bioaccumulation potential, and latent health risks. This paper comprehensively reviews recent domestic and international literature to elucidate the current status of heavy metal pollution in orchard soils, analyze primary pollution sources, assess ecological and human health impacts, and evaluate remediation approaches. The National Soil Contamination Survey Bulletin (2014) jointly issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the Ministry of Land and Resources revealed that 82.4% of soil pollution incidents originate from metals and metalloids. Particularly, orchard ecosystems exhibit high contamination risks attributable to their closed material cycling patterns and intensive agrochemical inputs, with long-term application of heavy metal-containing irrigation water, fertilizers, pesticides, and manure being identified as predominant contamination pathways. Heavy metals induce multifaceted damages through soil structure degradation, respiratory process inhibition, microbial activity suppression, and plant physiological disruption, while accumulating in edible tissues to threaten human health. Current remediation strategies primarily involve source control (precision fertilization, organic substitution) and end-of-pipe remediation (immobilization, phytoremediation). Nevertheless, existing technologies face technical bottlenecks including prohibitive costs, extended remediation durations, and secondary contamination risks. Future research should prioritize interdisciplinary mechanistic studies on metal transport-transformation processes and establish bioavailability-based dynamic assessment criteria. Implementing integrated remediation-production synergy models while strengthening orchard-specific pollution monitoring networks and standardized prevention systems will prove pivotal for ensuring agricultural product safety and sustainable agroecosystem development. This review provides theoretical foundations and technical references for safe soil utilization and risk management in orchard ecosystems. |
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